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MIDDLE
AGES STUDY GUIDE
Ch.
8-9
Please
write two meaningful sentences that are related to each of the following terms.
One can be a definition and the other an example or two of the terms relevance
from the text. This discipline insures that you have improved comprehension and
command of the material. (Remember to double space between terms for easier
viewing).
*peasant:
A peasant was a common worker or farmer in a community. Peasants worked
hard and were just the normal not too poor but not rich class.
*usury:
This is when someone lends money to someone and charges an enormous
interest. This is what people did to others bin the middle ages so everyone except the rich
were always in debt.
*capital:
Capital is money used for investment. This let people invest in things to try
to
gain more money in return and also this made banks start to be
formed.
*tithe:
This is when people give one tenth of their income to their church or religious
worship center. The people who lived in the middle ages
were made to pay a tithe of one
tenth of their income to the Catholic Church to help others who
had less money than themselves.
*fief:
A fief is a piece of land given by a lord to a smaller lord for the smaller lords use.
In
return the smaller lord has to serve for his higher lord..
.
*chivalry:
Chivalry is a group of knights who rode horses. Each lord had their own
chivalry to protect their land.
*charter:
A charter is a bunch of laws for a given town given to it by the ruler. A
merchant might ask for a charter from the certain town he is traveling to know
how he
can act in that town.
*troubador: This is a wandering poet in the Middle Ages. Troubadors felt that women should be protected and
cherished, which was a new view in that time.
*
manor economy: A manor economy was an economy centered
around a manor, or the lord's estate. Manors were control by lords who would
house and feed peasants in their manor while the oeasants
would have to work for the lords-
*how
monks and nuns lived: Monks and nuns had to live under the Benedictine Rule. Monks and nuns oath of poverty, purity, and obedience to the abbot.
These religious men and women could not have any sexual partners either.
*Why
was church reform desired?: The reform was desired
because the rules of the Church were being abused. As the Church got more money
and power it got corrupted
like any power.
*new
agricultural technologies: The peasants started to use iron tools such as iron
plows. These tools helped increase the production speed of goods.
*defense
of castles (moats, etc): Castles had good defense with their moats, fences, and
towers. These things were used to keep the enemies out while the castle also
had huge
stored supplies of food so the castle could withstand
a long attack.
*
side.
*vassals:
Vassals are the lesser lords who pledge their lives to their higher lords in
exchange for land. Vassals were given fiefs, or
estates from their higher lords.
*peasants:
Peasants were the normal workers and farmers.
people, quite poor but they still had food and homes.
These
were the average
*knights:
Knights were trained soldiers who rode on horses. Knights fought for the
different lords to protect their little towns.
*lords:
Lords were the rulers of little towns or manors. These lords were the rulers of
a little amount of people and had their own armies and castles.
*why
did the church have great power over the people?: The
churches had great power because they basically made the decision if a person
went to Hell or not. If a person was discriminated from the Church he was going
to Hell so everyone did whatever the Church
said.
*Cluniac reforms: These reforms were the Church reforms.
These reforms reinforced the
Benedictine
Rule along with outlawing priests getting married.
*three field system: This is a system where a farmer rotates
his crops amongst three fields
to keep from loosing the minerals in the soil needed for his
different crops. Farms did
this in the Middle Ages and this helped with the output and
quality of crops.
*merchant
guilds: This is when a few merchants join together as co partners. This
enables the merchants to not have to pay the full price
for everything themselves, but instead split the costs amongst themselves.
*
clergy: This is the body of religious officials who
work for the Church. In the Middle
Ages
the clergy had great power in the peoples lives.
*nobles:
Nobles were people of high birth. The nobles were people with power who
were not peasants and
were not poor.
*Charlemagne:
He was the first Christian ruler in
very strong and founded it on Christianity.
*LeifErikson: He set up a little Viking colony on
short lived but it helped to open trade routs.
*
serf: A serf is a peasant bound to a plot of land. The
peasant is given this land by a lord who in return the peasant has to work for
the lord.
*excommunication:
this is when the Church has nothing to do with someone any longer. It was
thought if someone was excommunicated from the Church they would go to Hell.
*
steel plow: The steel plows were a large agricultural
accomplishment.
farms to increase their output of good by a lot.
*feudal
system: This is a system in which local lords govern and rule.
by one lord who controls the army.
These
helped
The
lords are ruled
*Black
Death- which regions most devastated?% population
died? result?: The area most affected by this plague
was really all of
for example in
*Magna
Carta: This is a charter which protects the rights of
people. The ruler John was
forced to sign this charter by a group of angry
barons.
*Concordat
of
Gregory vn and the head of the
Church, Henry.
This treaty stated that the Church had
the power to elect bishops while the Emperor had the power to
invest them with fiefs.
*Chief
goal of! and result of the Crusades: The goal of the
Crusaders was to spread Christianity. The Crusaders would do this in any way
possible by and means.
*Reconquista: This was a plan which was designed to sweep
Muslims out of
*early
jury system: The early jury system tried to give people a fair trial. This
system is
not quite like today's system.
*
conflict between emperors and popes: The conflict
between Emperors and popes caused problems. Both of these two power figures
would fight over power and try to destroy one
another while this is hurting the empire.
Short
Answer
A.
5 reasons late Middle Ages were a time of decline.
1.
There were not very many educated people.
2.
The technological advancements were slow to come.
J.
People were poor and hungry.
4.
Everything was ruled by lords who fought with one another.
5.
The achievements of the civilization were not very big at this time.
B.
3 long term effects of the crusades
1.
The crusades cause most of
2.
They caused knights to go and fight for Christianity in hope for gaining
wealth.
3.
The crusades was a cause for a great massacre in