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Industrial Revolution Study Guide
Please write two meaningful sentences that are related to each of the following terms. One can be a definition and the other an example or two of the terms relevance from the text. This discipline insures that you have improved comprehension and command of the material. (Remember to double space between terms for easier viewing).
Enclosure: This is the practice of fencing off and enclosing land that used to be used by peasants. This did help the economy because the output of goods rose, but this also made people lose their jobs.
Factories (How they worked): Factories were areas which brought together workers and machines to mass produce goods. The working conditions of these factories were horrific; mainly because no labor laws were put into place and people kept dieing at their jobs.
Turnpike: These are railroads which people would ride and have to pay a charge to ride, kind of like a toll road. Capitalists would invest in these turnpikes to hopefully make money in the long run.
Urbanization: This is the process of moving people from the country to the city. Since the population kept growing so rapidly and since there was such a large need for more workers, people moved to the city.
Utilitarianism: This is the idea that society should strive for the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people. This kind of an idea was represented by a man named Jeremy Bentham.
Socialism: This is the political idea that people as a whole own the economy, not individuals. This idea was thought to be a Utopian kind of idea that would not work. Everyone in a socialistic society would be equal with the same pay and everything.
Communism: This is a form of socialism where there is no government and everyone is working for the common good. Karl Marx was the man who kind of founded and represented communism.
Proletariat: This is the working class of people during the industrial revolution. These proletariats were also known as the middle class, which was growing.
Michael Faraday: He was the first man to make an electrical generator. His generator worked by rotating a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet.
John Wesley: This man was the main leader who led the religious revival. He told all the Christians to live sober and more moral lives.
Karl Marx: He was the founder of communism. This man believed that socialism of a Utopian view and he despised capitalism. He also believed that the middle class would sooner or later gain most of the control; and then wealth would be some what spread equally amongst the main majority of people.
Thomas Malthus: He believed that very soon the population would out space the food supply so there would not be enough food. He believed the only things working against the increase in population were war, famine, and disease.
John Stuart Mill: This was Bentham’s chief follower, who believed that actions were right if they caused happiness but were wrong if they caused pain. He also believed that a free market is good.
James Watt: He is a man who improved the ways of the steam engine. He figured out how to make it run on coal instead of water.
Abraham Darby: He and his family were the main makers of iron during the times of this industrial revolution. Darby learned how to use coal to smelt iron with coal, which made it better quality iron, and cheaper to make.
David Ricardo: This was another British economist. He believed that poor families had too many kids, as did Malthus. He also believed that the more children though, the more workers, which meant lower wages, but higher employment.
Jeremy Bentham: He is the main founder of utilitarianism. He believed in all the ideas of utilitarianism, and also believed that people should have their own personal freedom; the government should only intervene under certain circumstances.
Robert Owen: This man was born poor but turned into a very successful mill owner. He built many homes for workers, and made many schools for children.
Importance of coal to Industrialization- Coal was very important because it was used for two purposes mainly. It was used as a fuel for powering steam engines and it was used to smelt iron.
Agricultural Revolution: This revolution sparked up causing a much greater amount of goods being produced. This made the goods cheaper and more families could afford the goods. The agricultural revolution really helped the economy.
Textile industry: This is the industry in which cloth was mass produced with the new machines which made it easier such as the spinning mule. This textile industry enabled people to have more than just one set of clothes.
Laissez faire economics (Adam Smith): Laissez fair economics is the idea that there should be a free economy with no government intervention. Adam Smith was the “prophet” of laissez faire economics and he believed that a free market would not just help the rich. He also believed that a free market would produce more goods and lower prices.
Ideology: Ideology is a system of thought or belief. For about a period of 30 years
Universal manhood suffrage: This is the idea that all men should be able to vote. Liberals used to think that only men with land should be able to vote till they believed that all men should be able to vote.
Autonomy: This literal means to have self rule. The Balkans were a group under the
El Grito de Dolores: This man was a father at a church who
summoned a bunch of people to a meeting urging the people to fight for
February Days: Once the government tried to stop public
meetings it became a time know as the “February Days” where there where tons of
protests and blockades made this new leader, Louis Philippe, fled
Simon Bolivar: He was a wealthy Latin American who believed
in the ideas of liberty, equality, and brotherhood. He was determined to liberate North and
Miguel Hidalgo: He was a leader of the revolts of Dolores. A lot of people came to him and admired him. People came to him for help. He led the people of Dolores to their freedom.
Louis Kossuth: This man was the leader of the Hungarian nationalists. He believed that serfdom should be ended, and also believed there should be a written constitution.
Tupac Amaru: He was a leader who demanded the ending of brutal system of Indian labor. He was rejected by the Spanish government, so Tupac Amaru organized a large revolt, but was crushed by the Spanish.
Louis XVIII: Louis XVIII; as soon as he got into power he developed a constitution which made two houses of legislature and gave some freedom of the press. Some people were happy with this but the middle class still wanted suffrage, the radicals still wanted a republic, and the poor people still wanted more money and food.
John Stuart Mill: This was Bentham’s chief follower, who believed that actions were right if they caused happiness but were wrong if they caused pain. He also believed that women should have the same rights that men do.
Toussaint L' Ouverture: He was a man born as into slavery in
Louis Napoleon: Napoleon was the nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte, and also the new emperor of
Louis Philippe: He was the ruler of
Clemens Von Metternich: He was a very conservative leader who did not believe in things such freedom of the press. He told other conservative rulers to crush any uprising revolts that appeared.
Pedro: He is a leader from
Revolts in Austrian empire: There were many revolts over
starvation in
Goals of nationalists: Nationalists believed that each
national group should have its own state.
The Serbs a group of nationalists in the
Conservative ideology in
Interchangeable parts: These are identical components that could be used in place of another like it. These parts made it much easier for companies to assemble and repair things.
Assembly line: This is where there was a “line” of people where parts would go from to station to station, a new part added onto the whole, until the whole good is made. This made production of goods go a lot faster.
Corporation: This is a large business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. This is a way a business did not have to pay for everything themselves and also if the company did good the stock prices would go up and make the stockholders more wealthy.
Cartel: This is a group of large corporations. These corporations would form together, fix prices, set product quotas, and divide up the markets.
Women's suffrage: This is the rights which allowed women to vote. As women kept getting more and more rights like the ability to own land, they wanted to be able to vote as well. Many men opposed this, saying things such as that women are to emotionally unstable.
Racism: This is a prejudice against a certain race or races of people. Social Darwinism encouraged and supported racism, believing that one social group is better than another.
Social gospel: This is a movement which told Christians to social service. They wanted reforms in housing, health care, and education.
Romanticism: This was a movement which showed different looks on topics such as in the forms of the arts. Writers would write against the Enlightenment emphasis, and artists would use new bold colors in paintings.
Realism: This is a movement to show the world as it really is, the opposite of romanticism. Realism art would normally show the harsher sides of life.
Impressionism: This movement was to keep artwork still in competition even though cameras were around. This movement showed the first impression on something seen from a viewer’s eye.
Social Darwinism: These were ideas formed by people from the
theories of
Joseph Lister: He was the man who discovered that antiseptics prevention infection. This was really the first time people became aware of germs and started to clean themselves better.
Factory life (How it changed the lives of workers): Factory life was awful, mainly because there were no labor laws. The working conditions were awful so people were dieing left and right, and if you didn’t die you would be exhausted from the lengthy working hours.