Revolutions and Nationalism

Study Guide Ch. 19 & 23

 

Please write two meaningful sentences that are related to each of the following terms. One can be a definition and the other an example or two of the terms relevance from the text. This discipline insures that you have improved comprehension and command of the material. (Remember to double space between terms for easier viewing).

 

Ch. 19

Suffrage

This is the right to vote.  Once radicals took over the government they made a legislative body called the National Convention and they decided that all men have the right to vote even ones with out land. 

 

sans-culottes

They were radical men and women who pushed on the revolution in a radical way and point of view.  Many of these people demanded to have a republic.

 

abdicate

This is when someone steps down from power.  Napoleon did this a year after he was defeated in the Battle of the Nations, and he later was exiled to the island Elba. 

 

deficit spending

Deficit spending is when people spend money that they don’t have.  This is what the French government kept doing that’s why they were so far in dept and the economy went down the drain. 

 

plebiscite

This is a ballot in which voters say yes or no.  Napoleon held plebiscites on a lot of topics while he was rising in power. 

 

blockade

This is the isolation of a area by a group of hostile ships to keep from ships exiting or entering.  Napoleon issued a blockade on the British Isles in order to keep people from spreading ideas or talking to the people of the British Isles. 

 

bourgeoisie

These were the middle class.  They were in the third estate and were the merchants and wealthy business owners. 

 

nationalism

This is a feeling of pride and devotion for ones country.  The revolution helped to spread Nationalism amongst the people because they finally liked their nation. 

 

emigre

This is a noble, clergy, or other who fled France during the revolution.  These émigrés spread rumors around that the revolution attacked their lives and made things worse, this is why Europe was against the revolution. 

 

Louis XVI

King Louis XVI reigned France for a long time, but did not do that great of a job.  People were starving, and there were huge financial problems under his control.  The Estates General even had to be put back into order again because the country was dieing.

 

Clemens von Metternich

He was an Austrian leader who was used to help empower France after the loss of Waterloo.  Everyone felt that a monarchy should be put back into power and he personally felt that things should be the way they were in 1792. 

 

Napoleon

He was the main conqueror for France.  He was very well known and was such a great conqueror that at one point he owned most of Europe.  He had so much power for a very long time. 

 

Olympe de Gouges

This was an extreme feminist who organized many groups of women.  She wrote many pamphlets concerning the revolution as well, and even though she was for the revolution she was against bloodshed, Robespierre, and Marat. 

 

Robespierre

He was a leader of the Committee of Public Safety.  The government was guided by Robespierre and the Jacobins like him.  He wanted to abolish slavery and also felt that France could have a “republic of virtue.”  He hated the Old Regime. 

 

Jacques Louis David

He was one of the most famous leading artists of this time period.  He had very famous pictures that really show how the French Revolution looked. 

 

who denounced Fr. Rev? Why?

Europe denounced the French Revolution.  They had false images of the revolution from émigrés who spread rumor. 

 

 

 

 

Reign of Terror

This was a time in which Robespierre was a huge influence.  Tons of people died, around 40,000 people died during this time, 15% nobles and clergy, 15% middle class, and the rest were peasants and sans-culottes. 

 

Napoleon annexed who?

Napoleon annexed parts of France, he annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy, and Germany. 

 

Congress of Vienna

This was a large long meeting of people of power.  They discussed how to maintain peace while keeping a monarch government. 

 

Ch. 23

Alexander II

Alexander was the ruler for a little while.  He made many reforms to Russia such as setting up a local government system, introducing legal reforms, and liberating women. 

 

Francis Joseph

He was an 18 year old ruler of Austria and Hungry for a little while.  He tried to strengthen the countries by producing a constitution with a legislature but this government was dominated by German speaking Austrians so it was no use for the Hungarians. 

 

Giuseppe Garibaldi

He was a man who wanted an Italian Republic.  He started to battle at places like Sicily with his “Red Shirts,” a group of volunteers. 

 

Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck was a man who had many different views on subjects.  He wanted to keep France weak and strengthen Austria and Russia.  Also Bismarck Did not trust Catholics, so he was anti-Catholic, and he was against Socialism. 

 

William II

He was the Emperor of Germany during the time of Bismarck.  He believed that Bismarck should have resigned.  He also did many good things such as, making cheap transportation, making public schools, and providing welfare benefits. 

 

Camillo Cavour

Cavour was another leader who was actually against Garibaldi.  He sent troops to stop the nationalist hero who he feared so much. 

 

anarchist

Anarchists are people who want to have no government.  These anarchists resorted to violence to get their way while the socialists resorted to protests. 

 

refugee

A refugee is a person who runs away from his or her homeland to be safe.  Many Jews became refugees when a lot of violence was taken out on them, so they ran away to Germany. 

 

pogrom

Pogroms are violent mob attacks on Jews.  The officials in Russia encouraged these violent pogroms. 

 

Realpolitik

This is an expansionalist national policy which main point is for national interest.  Many different cultures were expanding and taking over one another. 

 

zemstvo

Zemstvos are elected assemblies.  These elected assemblies normally were in charge of road repair, schools, and agriculture. 

 

economic development in Germany

Germany had a large economic development for a little while.  This was caused because they had a large supply of iron and coal.  Not only this but they had a large growing population of people who grew up to be workers. 

 

Nationalism threatened? who? (which country the most)

The country with nationalism threatened the most was old empires.  These older empires did not want change and nationalism normally lead to change. 

 

Revolution of 1905

This was a time right after “Bloody Sunday” where the people took the government into their own hands.  They threw riots and did damge util the ruler was forced to reform.