Chapter 21 Outline An Age of Ideologies

 

Section 1

Preserving the Old Order

      Conservatives were monarchs, members of their government, noble land owners, and church leaders.

      Conservatives wanted to preserve the old way of the times before the French Revolution, this appealed to peasants.

      Conservatives are much different of those today and they thought that natural rights and a constitutional government would bring Chaos. 

The Liberal Challenge

      Liberals wanted change and were against the conservatives and the old ways.  Liberals wanted Revolution.  They were much for a laissez-faire type of economy.

      Liberals were very much for natural rights or liberty, equality, and property.

      Liberals believed that the government should be ruled by a constitution or a written document which limits the power of the government.  With this republican idea people would vote, at first only men who owned property, but later any man could vote. 

Nationalist Stirrings

      Nationalists believed that each national group should have its own state.  Some of these national groups where the Austrians, Russians, and Ottomans. 

      The Serbs a nationality in the Ottoman Empire from the Balkan group started to revolt.  They revolted till they achieved autonomy or a self-rule within an empire. 

      The Greeks also became under their own rule instead of being under the Ottomans. 

Challenges to the Old Order

      More and more challenges were being struck upon the Vienna settlement and there were more and more rebellions. 

      Metternich told conservative leaders to crush uprising revolts. 

      There were so many problems and then socialism came into the picture which just added on. 

 

Section 2

France After the Restoration

      Louis XVIII; as soon as he got into power he developed a constitution which made two houses of legislature and gave some freedom of the press.

      Some people were happy with this but the middle class still wanted suffrage, the radicals still wanted a republic, and the poor people still wanted more money and food. 

      When on king, Charles X tried to appose the liberals and destroyed the legislature and freedoms set up by Louis, the liberals bombarded him with protested and he fled England. 

The French Revolution of 1848

      Liberals started to protest once again because the ruler had not increased suffrage. 

      Once the government tried to stop public meetings it became a time know as the “February Days” where there where tons of protests and blockades made this new leader, Louis Philippe, fled England as well. 

      Napoleon III came to rule because the conservatives thought he might be like the old Napoleon and the working class liked Napoleon because he brought about issues like poverty.  

“Europe Catches Cold”

      The Belgium people and the Dutch people were united by the Congress of Vienna to stop the French from expanding.  

      Belgium protested against this and finally got to be separated from the Dutch.   They set up their own little liberal constitution. 

      Poland started to do their own little protests as well to become a separate nation, but they lost.  Many of their own people fled the country. 

The Springtime of the Peoples

      Paris revolts started to uprise again over issues such as liberals wanting more power in the government, and workers wanting to be relieved from the miseries of the job world. 

      Italy was another place where they wanted to not be dominated by another group.   There were more uprisings here. 

      In Germany the people demanded national unity and liberal reforms.  There we more and more strikes and such spreading throughout all of Europe. 

Looking Ahead

      By 1850 the rebellions started to fade which ended the age of liberal revolution. 

      The reason these rebellions started to diminish is because the people who rebelled did not have the numbers. 

      Metternich’s conservative system still remained in force for a number of years. 

 

Section 3

Climate of Discontent

      Revolts started to pop up in the Latin world because the radical ideas spread from Europe. 

      The actual Spanish people were the only ones who could get top jobs, there was very much racial favoritism. 

      Latin people started to got new enlightened ideas by watching the Americas fight off the British, and by reading the American Constitution and Declaration of Independence. 

Haiti’s Struggle

      Haiti was a French owned area where there was a mass production of sugar. 

      Mulattoes and enslaved Africans would work under horrendous conditions to produce this sugar. 

      Under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture the people of Haiti revolted.  

Toussaint L’Ouverture

      Toussaint L’Ouverture stared to lead the people of Haiti into revolts.  He was quite educated for his race.  

      Toussaint did end up freeing the people of Haiti.  He defeated the French with gorilla warfare and with the help of the disease yellow fever.  

      Haiti eventually became a republic after Toussaint died.  

A Call to Freedom in Mexico

      Hidalgo was a Latin reformer who wanted to abolish slavery and give the people of Mexico and the Native Americans more freedoms.  

      José Morelos wanted the same things as Hidalgo, but he also wanted all men to be able to vote.  

      The Mexican government was finally overthrown and the people ofMExico gained their freedom.  

New Republics in Central America

      Central America declared independence in the 1820’s.  

      After the overthrow of government the United Provinces of Central America was set up. 

      These new nations became fragmented and faced many social and economic problems.  

Revolutions in South America

      A leader named Tupac Amaru demanded the ending of brutal system of Indian labor.  He was rejected by the Spanish government.  

      Bolivar was a man who did a surprise attack on the Spanish and won.  He became known as the liberator after he had other successful battles.  

      Bolivar tried to unite his new nations he set free as one large one but all they would do is fight.  It was basically pointless to liberate these nations.  

Independence for Brazil

      Brazil needed no revolutions or military campaigns to gain its freedom.  

      Brazils leader did as his father told him to make himself the emperor and to give he people their freedom. 

      Brazil started off as a new monarchy but then later became a republic.