Ch. 27 Outline

 

Section 1

Pressure for Peace

*      The Nobel Peace Prize, named after Alfred Nobel, the man who made dynamite, was given to a person whose individual work advanced the cause of peace.

*      One woman, Aletta Jacobs, said if women had the right to vote there would be no wars. 

*      The government set up the First Universal Peace Conference to try to make more peace because it was such an issue. 

Aggressive Nationalism

*      France’s power went downhill since the Franco-Prussian War and since Germany was the leading European power, the French longed for it again. 

*      Russia had mostly Slavic people and they felt the right to defend al of them and others. 

*      Balkan states would attack Turkey and it started to cause great tension problems. 

Economic and Imperial Rivalries

*      Germany started to become a very big economic power and Britain felt threatened and outdated. 

*      Germany thought they did not get enough respect for their great powers. 

*      Britain and France were both upset with Germany for each of their reasons so Britain and Germany started to from closer together. 

Militarism and Arms Race

*      The spread of militarism started to pop up all over, or the glorification of one military. 

*      Countries started really developing their military powers which further caused war.  They were starting to be called an arms race. 

*      Military leaders started to get great respect because they were constantly turned to and given funds to build up the military more. 

A Tangle of Alliances

*      Countries started to form together in alliances as to not be out-powered by other countries, so other countries did this as well. 

*      Germany became allies with Austria-Hungary and Italy.  They were known as the Triple Alliance.

*      France, Russia, and Britain became allies.  All this allying caused even more tension for war. 

 

Section 2

A Murder with Millions of Victims

*      Franz Ferdinand was the ruling tyrant who really got Austria-Hungry upset because he was visiting their on June 28th, the day which Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. 

*       Man people planed on killing Franz and his wife but only one succeeded. 

*      Gavrilo Princip was the man who was able to go up to the vehicle that Gavriol was in and shoot both him and his wife. 

Peace Unravels

*      An ultimatum is a final set of demands, which Austria sent Serbia before they attacked.

*      On July 28th Austria went into war with Serbia because they did not accept all the demands.

*      To mobilize is to prepare some countries military forces for war.

*      Neutrality is a policy of supporting no side in a war. 

Whose Fault?

*      Historians of today feel it is all the countries faults who were involved in the war.

*      Austria was upset with Serbia for encouraging terrorism, and then on people just got allies and more allies to back each other up. 

*      People were excited to go to war because it had not happened for a  long time. 

 

Section 3

The Western Front

*      Random groups of people would race over through the enemies trenches, maybe get past a few, and they were attacked.

*      The force who just got raced over replaced their dead, and this went on for quite a while. 

*      The two sides then got allies to attack, but still there was no advantage on either side. 

Other European Forces

*      On the Eastern battle front casualties were even higher than in the west.

*      Russia’s technology was the worst out of all the large powers, so they took a bad loss from Germany.  Some of Russia’s soldiers did not even have rifles. 

*      Serbia was finally crushed when Bulgaria joined forces with central powers. 

The War Beyond Europe

*      Britain was blocking Germany off while Germany would go in and sink those boats with their U ships.  The got the U.S upset. 

*      The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers.

*      The U.S tried to stay neutral but that did not last for long.

 

Section 4

Effects of Stalemate

*      Total war is the channeling of a nations total resources into war.

*      Each side had a propaganda war, spreading information on the other sides to make them look bad. 

*      The British and French would circulate things about other countries doing horrible things to innocent people. 

Women at War

*      While men were out to war a lot of women would stay home and do the mens’ jobs, keeping the economy some what stable. 

*      Other women would be on the fighting lines or in the Aid station aiding wounded soldiers in very poor conditions. 

*      Some nurses even became national heroes. 

Collapsing Morale

*      Everyone was becoming very poor.  Germany was sending 15 year olds to the front lines while Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy. 

*      The Russian peoples were not happy with the effects of the wars so they started to riot for revolution.

*      With Russia withdrawing from the war Germany concentrate its forces on the western front. 

The United States Declares War

*      Germany sunk a ship with 128 passengers that were American on it.

*      More tension was caused once the Americans heard of Germany trying to get Mexico on their side by saying they would help Mexico conquer Arizon, New Mexico, and Texas.

*      Wilson established “The Fourteen Points” to try to make peace for futer wars and such. 

Campaign to Victory

*      The different countries of the war were collapsing.

*      Germany said the war could not be won so they made their ruler step down.

*      Germany’s new government sought out an armistice, or an end to the fighting. 

 

Section 5

The Costs of War

*      Over 8.5 million people died from this war and double that were injured.

*      The epidemic of influenza swept through after the war and killed 20 million more people. 

*      The Allies demanded that the losers pay the debts of war. 

The Paris Peace Conference

*      Woodrow Wilson encouraged everyone as a symbol of hope, even the Germans.

*      Besides the U.S the other countries all wanted a little more than peace, they each wanted to do a little something to Germany.

*      People who were ruled by the Central Powers demanded countries of their own after the war. 

The Treaty of Versailles

*      The Allies made Germany sign something that said Germany was the full cause for the war.

*      This treaty also made Germany pay many debts of the war.

*      The treaty also made Germany pay for housing of the other countries soldiers.

Other Settlements

*      A bunch of different countries were erupting from once where Germany, Austria, and Russia were.

*      Mandates are territories which were administered by western powers. 

*      The allies set up a bunch of mandates

Hopes for Global Peace

*      A League of /nations was made which over 40 peaceful nations joined together to try to keep peace.

*      The Senate of the U.S did not let the U.S join the league other wise, Wilson would have.

*      The League was really powerless to stop war, btu it was the first step in the right direction.