|
|
Ch 18 Outline
Sect
1
A
World of Progress and Reason
.
A lot of scientists and philosophers started to pop up everywhere in
.
Scientists and philosophers studied the "natural laws" to govern
human nature.
.
They believed that through scientific knowledge, inventors changed human life,
so through the use of reason they could solve political and
economic problems.
Two
Views of the Social Contract
.
Thomas Hobbes, a philosopher, believed that there should be a very powerful
strict government to rule the people.
.
John Locke felt that government should have a very limited power and if the
government was not good to its people the people had a right to rebel.
.
John Locke also felt that people had natural rights, which were the rights to
life,
liberty, and property.
Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws
.
Montesquieu was a philosopher who studied government.
.
Montesquieu believed that the separation of power was
the best way to protect
liberty. '
.
Montesquieu also came up with the "checks and
balance" system, which is used
in
.
Philosophes were people who were thinkers.
.
Voltaire was a philosophe who spoke out about
inequality, injustice, superstition,
slave trades, and religious prejudice.
.
Denis Diderot was another philosophe
that wrote a 28 volume encyclopedia
containing different ideas about society and government.
Rousseau:
A Controversial Figure
.
Rousseau was a very strange and controversial philosophe.
'.
He believed that everyone is good in their natural state but are corrupted by
evils
of society.
.
He believed that a good government gave more freedom than no government.
Limited "Natural Rights" for Women
.
Women did not have the "natural rights" that men had.
.
A small amount of women protested this idea but their arguments were just
turned nnwn
.
Wollstonecraft was the best know woman protester and
her beliefs where that the main obligation ofa woman
was to be a mother, but she also felt that women should be able to make choices
in their own interest.
New
Economic Thinking
.
Physiocrats are people who focus on economic reforms.
.
Physiocrats urged the policy of laissez faire, which
allowed businesses to operate with very
little government interference.
.
Some physiocrats believed in a free market, or for the natural forces of supply and demand to be
allowed to operate and regulate business.
Sect
2
The
Challenge of New Ideas
.
As new ideas spread about things such as government people started to challenge
the old ideas.
.
The Church felt that the old ideas and ways were the sacred way of order and
were set up by God.
.
Some philosophes wrote their ideas in a fictional
story to disguise their ideas. Salons
.
Salons were informal meetings in which philosophers, artists, and writers
exchanged their ideas.
.
Only the most intelligent and witty people were invited to salons.
.
Some middle-class women started to host their own little salons. The Salon in
the Rue Saint Honore
.
Madame Geoffrin was a woman who would host her own
salons even though her
husband protested.
.
Catherine, the queen even had spies that went to Geoffrin' s salons because
she
wanted to know what was going on.
.
For a short period of time women ad the power of the salons.
Enlightened Women
.
Enlightened despots were enlightened rulers who used their power to bring about
social and political change.
.
Fredrick the Great did a bunch of good stuff for his empire and basically tried
to
make his government more efficient, which in the long run
actually gave him
more power.
.
Catherine the Great tried to reform
.
Joseph II also made many reforms like abolishing serfdom and bringing the
Catholic Church back into the picture again, but most of his reforms were let
go
of once he died.
The
Arts of Literature
.
There were many different types of art, but one of the main ones was baroque
art, which showed colorful works full of excitement.
.
A lot of plays with music such as ballets and operas were performed.
.
Readers started liking stories about their own present times.
Lives
of the Majority
.
Most people were not even touched with a bit of new culture and remained in
small rural towns where they farmed.
.
In western Europe serfdom did not exist any longer
while in eastern Europe serfdom was enforced.
.
In the late 1700's ideas about equality and social justice started to spread
through peasant towns.
Sect
3
Global
Expansion
.
.
.
.
power is limited by law.
.
There were 2 parties of
.
The prime minister was the head of the cabinet and the leader of the majority
party.
Politics
and Society
.
.
The nobles and wealthy land owners were the ruling class
.
The ruling class took away land from the poor landowners, and the government
was getting more corrupt.
Sect
4
The
13 English Colonies
.
There where 13 prosperous colonies on the North American shore.
.
By mid-century these colonies had diverse religions and cultures. . Government
was still dominated by wealthy landowners.
Growing
discontent
.
The relation between
.
A ton of little battles started to happen like the Boston Massacre. . The declaration
of
The
American Revolution
.
The French joined the Americans side against
large battle.
.
George Washington was a brave and courageous leader.
.
A
New Constitution
.
The constitution took a ton of ideas from Locke, Montesquieu,
and Rousseau.
.
The constitution set up a representative government after the freedom shown as sybol freedom from