World History 2nd Semester Study Guide

World History 2nd Semester Study Guide

Please write two meaningful sentences that are related to each of the following terms. One can be a definition and the other an example or two of the terms relevance from the text. This discipline insures that you have improved comprehension and command of the material. (Remember to double space between terms for easier viewing).

Ch. 27
Militarism: Militarism is the glorification of the army. Durring the times of WWI the countries which fught in these wars had to have great support towards their contries army, or basically glorify the army.

Ultimatum: An ultimatum is a statement of terms made by on of the parties given to another party. For example one time one of these were used was when Austria took over Serbia and gave them a ultimatum to abide by.

Mobilize: This word mean literally to make movable. With the new technologies like airplanes and better land vehicles the armies of different countries were able to get places quicker and faster.

Neutrality: Neutrality means to be neutral, or to not be on anyone’s side. The U.S was neutral for a lot of time during WWI until Lusitania, a boat, was sunk with 128 American citizens and many other nations peoples on it.

Total war: The entire WWI war was between the countries such as Germany, the U.S, Austria, and many other countries. This war was a “World War” so most the world was involved; Germany was the main country involved.

Propaganda: Propaganda are things which give out wrong information purposely to make people have the wrong idea. All countries in WWI used propaganda posters to insure the reason why the country was involved in the war, and to get support from the people for the war.

Atrocity: This is an appalling or illegal cruelty preformed by an armed force on a civilian, or a prisoner. Things like this happened in different countries during WWI.

Armistice: This is basically a truce, or a mutual consent of countries to cease fire. Germany was forced to sign one of these, which basically ended the war.

Reparations: This is to be in the act of repairing something. After the war there was so many reparations that it costed a ton of money. Even a ton of people died, about 10 million.

Mandate: This is a command or an instruction. Wilson commanded Germany to sign a piece treaty.

Edith Cavell: She was an English nurse. She was shot and killed for nursing and helping Allied prisoners.

Georges Clemenceau: Georges was a political man known as the “Tiger.” His major role was being the minister of war. The person he really had problems with was Woodrow Wilson.

Alfred Nobel: He was a Swedish chemist and inventor. Nobel was the man who first invented dynamite.

Gavrillo Princip: He was the man who went and assonated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He did this and then was taken to jail before he could commit suicide, but then he died of tuberculosis only a little bit after he was captured.

Sarajevo: This is the capitol of Bosnia and Hercegovina. This is the area where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrillo Princip.

Woodrow Wilson: He was the president of the U.S at the time of WWI. He maid the Fourteen Points. He made Germany sign a tready as well to end the war.

(Wilson's Fourteen Points Points): This treaty was made by Wilson to make the world peaceful once again. These 14 points did not only start to make things more peaceful but also put Wilson in charge of making things more peaceful. This gave Wilson more power.

Francis Ferdinand: He was the man who was assonated by Gavrillo Princip. He was told to be ware of assignation, but was still assonated in a town called Sarajevo.

Kaiser William II: He was the King of Prussia and the emperor of Germany. During the times of WWI his power started to decline. William was abdicated and he fled to Holland.

Bertha Von Sutner:

Triple Alliance: This was when Germany was first allied with Russia and Austria. This was the cause of other little alliances so people felt like they would have a chance if they stuck together.

Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman was an empire that at one time was very strong from a strong centralized government. During the times of WWI was the Ottoman’s decline period. Things such as the Turks attacking the Suez Canal weakened the Ottomans.

Trench warfare: This type of warfare involved the famous long trenches with the barbed wire in front of it to protect the gunmen form any brutal attack. WWI was the first war with the good enough gun technology to make these trenches useful. When going against a trench the main goal was to blow a gap in it.

Machine gun (role it played in WWI): The first type of machine gun was mad by a man with the last name of Gatling to produce the gatling gun. An improvement on this gun was used a lot of the time in WWI to mow down troops and to just basically put out a ton of bullets really fast, something a pistol could not do.

Airplane (role it played in WWI): WWI was realty the first war that airplanes were used in. This definitely changed the methods of attack. There were air battles and also bombs that could be dropped with airplanes.

Role of women in WWI; Women did not actually fight in the battle of WWI but instead wear tings like nurses to fix up the injured from battle. Also so women just stayed at home and took care of the house.

Nationalism (ie. tension between France and Germany): The French were very much nationalists. This affected Germany because it made them turn into a bunch of nationalists. During WWI people kind of had to be nationalists because they had to support their country and troops.

Paris Peace Conference: This was the conference which was held to end the war. The peace treaties were signed here.

American neutrality: The U.S was neutral for a lot of time during WWI until Lusitania, a boat, was sunk with 128 American citizens and many other nations peoples on it. This really got the U.S upset so they joined in the war.

Black Hand

Treaty of Versailles: This was the treaty which made Germany acknowledge guilt for the war. Once Germany signed these treaties the war was basically over.

Self determination: Germany was so self determined to be very powerful but they still, even after the war, did not get what they wanted. Germany had the self determination but the odds were against them with the much larger amount of people against them.

Shleiffen Plan

U boat: Boats were used very much in WWI to transport men. Boats were a way to get men across the ocean in large masses.

Lusitania: This was the ship which was sunk with 128 U.S citizens on it. This really got the U.S upset and made the U.S basically join in the war.

Armistice: This is basically a truce, or a mutual consent of countries to cease fire. Germany was forced to sign one of these, which basically ended the war.

Mandate: This is a command or an instruction. Wilson commanded Germany to sign a piece treaty.

War reparations: After the war there was so many reparations that it costed a ton of money. Even a ton of people died, about 10 million. Here are always huge amounts of damage after any war whether it is damages people wise, or structural damages.

Western front: Germany thought its western front was endangered by the French. This caused Germany to go to war with France even though they were neutral at the time.

Eastern front: Russia was on the western front and of course Germany was going to war with them. Russia was angry with Germany for ditching them as allies.

Verdun: This is a city of northeast France on the Meuse River west of Metz. In this city the French repelled a giant German attack.

Battle of Marne: This battle was named for the Marne River. The germans won neither of the two parts of this battle.

CH. 28
Soviet: A soviet is a council of workers and soldiers. The councils all over Russia were holding power during the revolution times because they were upset with the war, lack of food, and poverty.

Command economy: A command economy is an economy where government officials make all economic decisions. This is the kind of economy Stalin set up under his 5 year plans.

Collective: Collectives were large farms owned by a large group of peasants and farmers. The government under Stalin would not allow farmers and peasants to own their own little farms and land because this was a threat to the state power.

Kulak: Kulaks are wealthy peasants. Stalin wanted to destroy all kulaks because they were a threat to the state. Stalin would take the kulaks land then send them to labor camps to work till they died.

Totalitarian state: A totalitarian state is where a government tries to control every aspect of everyone’s lives under a dictatorship. Stalin enforced this with his camps and police. Stalin kept very strict power through fear and spying on everthing even on letters and what people said with listening devices.

Socialist realism: This was a form of art which showed the Soviet in a positive light. If arts did not show it in a positive light it was banned.

Lenin: Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks and took over the Russian government during the Bolshevik revolution. He led under many Marxist ideas. Lenin eventually built a communist state and because very worried about being assonated. He set up his own little secret police.

Osip Mandelstam: Osip was a poet who wrote a verse showing Stalin in a sarcastic light. This man was imprisoned, tortured, and then exiled. Then in fear for his family Osip wrote an “Ode to Stalin.”

Nicholas II: He was a czar of Russia who did not have very much power because he was not supported or trusted by many of his own people. He lead his people in to WWI, over 2 million of them died, and then he tried going down to the battle field which didn’t work out well either.

Gregory Rasputin: Rasputin was an evil man in disguise of being a “healer.” Rasputin got a lot of power because Alexandra trusted him very much because he helped her son who had the problem with his blood not being able to clot. Nobles finally killed this crazy man, but it was difficult because first they tried poisoning him, then shooting him, then he ended up drowning in the river they threw him in.

Joseph Stalin: Stalin was a radical crazy ruler of the Soviet Union who did anything to give himself complete power. He had peasants and workers give him everything they grew or made and people who had any power at all were either killed or sent to forced labor camps under Stalin. Stalin tried to enforce Marxist ideas like Lenin. Stalin was like 10 times as bad as Lenin.

Stalin's 5 Year Plan: Stalin’s 5 year plans were supposed to help the economy by building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output. These plans did help with farming output, but it did not really help with the economy because wages were low and there was a lot of poverty.

Socialist realism: This was a form of art which showed the Soviet in a positive light. If arts did not show it in a positive light it was banned.

Anna Akhmatova: Anna was a poet who was very popular, but then fell out of favor because she did not emphasize communistic views in her poetry. She continued to write poetry secretly.

V.I. Lenin: Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks and took over the Russian government during the Bolshevik revolution. He led under many Marxist ideas. Lenin eventually built a communist state and because very worried about being assonated. He set up his own little secret police.

Mikhail Sholokhov: He was a writer who wrote a great novel telling of a man who spent years fighting in WWI, the Russian Revolution, and the civil war. This book passed the censor.

Leon Trotsky: Trotsky was a man who worked under Lenin. Once Lenin died Trotsky competed with Stalin for the position. Trotsky had many Marxist views and was against capitalism. Stalin had Trotsky killed by once of his secret police members.

Socialist revolution: This revolution was basically the same revolution as the Bolshevik revolution because Bolshevik was the name given to the socialists. The socialists were under the leader Lenin. They wanted Peace, Land, and Bread.

Bolshevik Revolution: This revolution was lead by the powerful leader Lenin. He led with Marxist ideas and sieged the government. The Bolsheviks took over. Lenin gave peasants land, and gave workers mines and factories.

Lenin's New Economic Policy: The NEP made by Lenin kept control of banks, large industry, and foreign trade. This new economic policy did not require peasants to give them so much grain and also allowed for private businesses to make their own little profits. Lenin only thought of this NEP as temporary, but it really did improve living and stopped the resistance against the government.

Stalin: Stalin was a radical crazy ruler of the Soviet Union who did anything to give himself complete power. He had peasants and workers give him everything they grew or made and people who had any power at all were either killed or sent to forced labor camps under Stalin. Stalin tried to enforce Marxist ideas like Lenin. Stalin was like 10 times as bad as Lenin.

The arts under Stalin: The new form of art was motion pictures, but many of them were banned under Stalin. Motion pictures that Einstein made showing the cruelty of Stalin were banned.

List three causes of the 1917 revolution in Russia: Three reasons for the revolution was women demanding food, the army not supporting the czar and just going home, and poverty. All these problems were made by bad decisions of Nicholas II.

Ch. 29
apartheid: An apartheid is a racial segregation act. In 1910 and 1940 the white people started getting a hard grip on Africa again after they imposed apartheid.

civil disobedience: Civil disobedience is to refuse unjust laws. Gandhi showed an act of peaceful civil disobedience to free the people of India.

Diego Rivera: He was a great painter from Mexico. He painted many famous murals which showed things such as struggle for the Mexican peoples’ liberty.

Hirohito: This man resigned from power to help Japan by getting another ruler in from 1926 to 1989. During the time after he resigned Japan went trough a huge tragedy of having bad leaders.

Jiang Jieshi: Jiang Jieshi was a new ruler for China. Jiang Jieshi started going throughout China and taking over warlords here and there, but he also tried destroying the Communist Party by killing tons of people who supported it.

Muhammad Ali Jinrah: He was a man who felt there should be a separate state for the Muslims. He felt this because of the disputes between the Hindus and the Muslims.

Nationalization: Nationalization is the government takeover of natural resources. The new constitution of Mexico allowed nationalization, even thought it gave people more help in the areas of religion, labor, and addressing land.

Pancho Villa: Pancho was a man who killed 17 Americans. This got the U.S upset and they invaded Mexico in 1916.

Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution: The main causes for the Mexican revolution was centered around the poor peasants like normal. The causes were poverty, hard labor, low wages, and land problems.

Pan-Africanism: This is the nationalism of Africans all around the world. The African people started to gain a lot of pride while white people were in control over Africa.

Mandate System (M. East): There was a dispute over land because the British did not give them their land after the war. Then Britain added Jordan to the British mandate so all the Arabs felt betrayed.

Great Salt March: This is the great march that the leader Gandhi lead to show peaceful civil disobedience. Him and his followers Marches 100’s of miles down to the ocean and made their own salt in an act of defiance.

May Fourth Movement:This movement was by many Asian students in Beijing. They all sought for revolution and really wanted to have democracy.

Effect of Great Depression in Japan: The great depression for Japan really hurt its economy. The main reason it did this was because countries, especially the Americans, could not buy their goods because they had economic problems as well.

CH. 30
general strike: A general strike is a strike with many different types of workers from different industries at the same time. In 1926 there was a general strike which involved over 3 million workers.

stream of consciousness:: This is a technique of writing where the writer probes a character’s random thoughts and feelings without being in a specific order. Writers started to use this technique including a famous one named Freud.

flapper: Flappers were European girls who adopted the fashionable ways of the Americans. In fact one of the queens who resigned during the Jazz Age was a flapper.

concentration camp: These camps were detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state. Millions of Jews during Hitler’s reign were sent to these camps and killed in many different ways.

Leon Blum: He made a government which would solve labor and social legislative problems. Not many leftists liked his government though so it was brought down by them.

Marie Curie: She was a polish-born French scientist who was experimenting with radioactivity. She helped to discover things like atoms had things called uranium and radium in them which release charged particles.

Franklin D. Roosevelt: Roosevelt was the U.S president during the times of the Great depression. He set up things such as welfare which still has stuck with the U.S till today and is not necessarily a good thing.

Virginia Woolf: Woolf was a famous writer who wrote using the technique called stream of consciousness. He used this to show the thoughts of people throughout their every day lives.

Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein was a brilliant scientist who taught his theories of relativity and felt that space and time were measurements and not absolute. Einstein at first was not easily accepted but after a while most scientists accepted his theory of relativity.

James Joyce: Joyce was a popular writer who wrote the book Finnegan’s Wake which explores the mind of a hero while he is asleep the whole novel. He sometimes invented words, some over 100 letters long.

Pablo Picasso: Picasso was a Spanish artist who created a new style of art called Cubism. Picasso would break 3-D objects and put the pieces at strange angles.

Joseph Pilsudski: He was the dictator of Poland. He got his power by saying he would bring order like Hitler.

Frank Lloyd Wright: He was an American architect which through his things he built showed his Bauhus beliefs. He used materials and designed which fit the environment.

Kellog-Briand Pact: In 1925 almost every independent nation signed this Pact. It wanted to renounce war as a national policy.

Fascism: Fascists were crazy people with the views that’s everyone is for the central power and that individual was unimportant. They were for people like Mussolini and were for things like teaching youth how to be tough and obey strict military discipline.

Adolph Hitler: Hitler was an amazing leader just with the wrong motives. He killed millions of Jews and basically tried to destroy all Jewish population. He put people in concentration camps and designed symbols such as the swastika to show anti-Semitism.

Totalitarian rule: Totalitarian rule is where a leader has complete control over every aspect of his peoples’ lives. Adolph Hitler, like many other large powerful leaders, had a totalitarian rule over Germany. He got everyone to do what he wanted.

Mein Kampf: This was the book Hitler wrote while he was in prison. This book was the holy book to the nazis and basically showed Hitler’s extreme nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism.

campaign against the Jews: Adolph Hitler lead the campaign against the Jews because he felt they were imperfect people who were causing great problems. In the campaign against the Jews, millions of Jews were killed in brutal and disgusting ways.

Great Depression: The Great Depression was a time when everyone’s economy was down the gutter. There was poverty everywhere for a number of reasons and it was much harder for people to live at that time.

Mussolini: Mussolini was a man who was given his power from King Victor when Italy was having great problems. The main way this man stayed empowered was because of the fascist people who supported him and his crazy views. One time Mussolini even went around to women and collected their wedding bands to get more money.

Weimar Republic: This was made up by the national assembly which went to Weimar and made an emergency constitution. They mad a new republic but it was having problems because of all the communists.

Kristallnacht: This means “the night of broken glass.” This is the night when mobs of Nazi-led soldiers attacked Jewish communities all over Germany.

List causes of Great Depression- some reasons for the Great Depression were a crash in the stock market, banks failing, and mainly overproduction. The reason overproduction was a problem was because during the war tons of goods were being produced but after the war not as many were needed, which lowered prices and hurt the economy.

CH. 31
Appeasement: This is the decision to give into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep peace. Western democracies did this for s while during Hitler’s ruling.

blitzkrieg : A blitzkrieg is a very fast war that is compared to lightning. Hitler showed off his power by going into Poland and completely destroying it in any way imaginable.

cold war: The cold war was a war fought after the world war. This war was mainly caused by the tensions of all the countries having small little allied groups together.

Collaborator: These were countries like France who helped Hitler find some of the Jews. While some countries were safe to run away to some where not because they were collaborators.

containment (policy): This is the policy of limiting communist to areas the Soviet already control. This was the main idea that the Truman doctrine was rooted in.

genocide: This is the destruction of an entire group of people such as a race of people. This is what Hitler tried to accomplish and came actually very close to.

kamikaze: This is the act of pilots doing suicide missions by crashing into things. This was one of the ways that Japan was trying to save their homeland, by crashing into American war ships.

pacifism: Pacifism is the belief in total peace. Britain and France saw Hitler as destroying or at least limiting the power of the Soviet Union so they became pacifists and had nothing to do with the war.

Winston Churchill: Churchill was a great leader in war against Hitler. He believed that since the Nazi’s were choosing dishonor they would be brought down by war, and he was correct the Nazi’s were brought down by war.

Francisco Franco: Francisco Franco was a great Latin leader in the war. He played a large part in the Latin’s part of the war.

Dwight Eisenhower: He was an American leader who took charge of a Joint Anglo-American force in Morocco and Algeria during El Alamein. He then combined with British forces to trap Rommel’s army till they surrendered.

Haile Selassie:

Harry Truman: He was a president of the U.S who believed that communism was evil and was slowly creeping over and taking over countries. This is the main reason that Truman wrote up the Truman Doctrine which made communist stay in the land already owned by the Soviet.

Dunkirk:

El Alamein: In Egypt a British general finally stopped Rommel’s advance. They turned the tables on the Desert Fox driving the Axis forced back across Libya and Tunisia.

Guernica:

Hiroshima: This is the first place where the U.S dropped a bomb on Japan. This bomb killed over 700,000 people and killed more afterwards because of radiation.

Nagasaki: When Japan did not respond to the first bomb the U.S decided to drop another. This time the bomb was dropped in Nagasaki killing around 400,000 people and more to come.

Pearl Harbor: This was the short battle between the U.S and Japan. The U.S was attacked so instead of risking thousands of American lives the president at the time just decided to drop a bomb on Japan. Actually one more was dropped when Japan did not respond.

Operation Barbarossa: This was the operation ran by Hitler to take over the Soviet. His main reason he did this was to get German soldiers more living space.

D-Day: D-day stands for Doom’s Day which will probably happen way in the future. This is where there is a gigantic war and everyone or at least almost everyone is killed, but this is only a theory.

Battle of Midway: This was a huge battle which occurred by the U.S-Pacific base named Midway. This was basically a naval war between the U.S and the Japanese.

Holocaust: The holocaust was the killing of millions of Jewish people. First the Nazi armies would make them work and do labor till they could do no more, and this wasn’t the worst of things, but after they could work no more the Jews were killed by a number of ways.

Cold War rivals (which nations): The cold war rivals were between the U.S, the Soviet, Russia, the Red Army, and Berlin. This is only a number of the countries that were involved.

Francisco Franco:

Benito Mussolini: Mussolini was a bad Italian leader that was overthrown. Hitler liked him so he sent people to go rescue Mussolini.

Adolph Hitler: Adolph Hitler was a very strong, power hungry leader who ruled all of the Germans. Hitler killed millions of Jewish people from all over the country and then some. Hitler was trying top take out Jewish race basically.

Tojo Hideki: While the U.S and Japan were trying to work thing out between one another and ease the tension, extreme men with power like Tojo decided that they were going to attack the U.S. Tojo was a Japanese military officer who ordered to attack Pearl Harbor.

Neville Chamberlin: Neville Chamberlin was the prime minister of Britain at the time. He was actually replaced by Winston Churchill.

Franklin Roosevelt: He was the president during the times of the great depression. He started things like welfare which are but shouldn’t be still around for today.

Stalingrad: Stalin was a man who was an extreme communist in Russia with many Marxist views. He tortured and killed millions of people and is basically compared to Hitler today.

Explain 2 reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against Japan.- The U.S first used a bomb on Japan because that way they would not have to send Americans in to kill. Second was because using a bomb could have potentially saved more lives, instead of American and Japanese lives being lost, it could only be Japanese.

Ch. 32
acid rain: This is when toxic pollution comes to earth in the form of rain, snow, or hail. This was causes by too many polluting power plants and factories.

culture shock: This is when one culture is entirely shocked by one thing. The entire culture is just devastated from what happened.

interdependence: This is when a small country is given freedom but still relies on the country that gave them freedom for resources. This was happening with little countries who wanted their freedom, so basically the countries thought they were free but they still needed their old country to live.

liberation theology: This is the idea of the Church taking a bigger role in helping people to not take the actions that made themselves poor. In Latin America a lot of Catholic clergy men used this new idea.

multinational corporation: These are huge companies with a bunch of branches in a number of countries. These have invested in the new world and brought many new technologies in agriculture, mining, and transportation.

nonaligned: This is a choice a state makes to be not allied to either side in a war. Many new nations made this choice during the Cold War.

privatization: This is the selling of state owned industries to private investors. Nations hoped that by doing this the private industries would produce higher quality goods therefore helping the country in the long run.

terrorism: It is the deliberate use of random violence, to get revenge or achieve personal goals. This was one of the new enduring issues of 1960.

politcal instability in Africa-
developing countries-
Effects of the Cold War
spread of American culture around the globe-
Factories and Environmental Damage
Explain how computers have shaped new global culture-

Ch. 33
detente
deficit
dissident
glasnost
welfare state
Leonid Brezhnev
Charles de Gaulle
Martin Luther King Jr.
Joseph Mc Carthy
Margaret Thatcher
perestroika
service industry
welfare state
Mikhail Gorbachev
Helmut Kohl
Nikita Krushev
Josip Tito
Lech Walesa
global economic competition
civil war in Yugoslavia
American foreign policy during Cold War
NAFTA
Warsaw Pact
NATO
European Coal and Steel Community
glasnost
1973 oil crisis
Berlin Wall as a symbol of Cold War
European Union
civil rights movement
"ethnic cleansing" Bosnia

Ch. 34
Asian tigers
commune
Diet
domino theory
Four Modernizations
gross domestic product
Khmer Rouge
"Little Red Book"
Hong Kong
Japan
Pacific Rim
Singapore
Vietnam
Mao Zedong
Four Modernizations
North Korea
South korea
General MacArthur's military govt goals.-
Nationalist
Ho Chi Minh
Importance of Pacific Rim to Global Economy.-
effect of American occupation of Japan post WWII.-
Communist Revolution
Cold War Countries (ie. China, N. Korea, N. Vietnam) elaborate on each.-
Ch. 35
Green Revolution
harijan
intifada
Ayatollah Khomeni
kibbutzim
Kurds
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Jawaharlal Nehru
harijan
hejab
ulama
Bangladesh
Beirut
West Bank
Pakistan
Palestine
Muslim and Hindu tension
Palestinian and Jewish conflict
Nasser
PLO
Water supply in Middle East
Ch. 36
Jomo Kenyatta
Nelson Mandela
mixed economy
Julius Nyerere
Organizations of African Unity
Mobutu Sese Seko
SWAPO
ujamaa
ANC
F,W, de Klerk
Mau Mau
Kwame Nkrumah
ethnic conficts in Nigeria
Minority government in Rhodesia
African battleground countries during the Cold War.-
Algeria's battle for Independence
Zimbabwe's majority rule
apartheid
economic sanctions agianst S. Africa-
African urbanization
weakening of African cultures
colonial rule
Islam as a revolutionary force in Africa.-